Uganda is a country with a complex land tenure system, which has significant impacts on real estate ownership. The system is a result of a mix of different land tenure systems inherited from Uganda's colonial past, which have evolved and adapted to the country's changing political, social, and economic circumstances. In this blog, we will examine the different types of land tenure in Uganda and their impact on real estate ownership.

Mailo Land:
Mailo land is a type of land tenure system that was introduced in Uganda during the colonial period. It is prevalent in central Uganda, where it covers about 30% of the land area. Mailo land is a freehold system where the land is owned by individuals or families who have the right to use, sell, or lease it. However, the landowners only have ownership rights to the surface of the land, as the government retains ownership of the minerals and subsoil.

The main challenge with the Mailo land system is that it has led to fragmented landownership, where a small number of people own large tracts of land, while the majority of the population owns small plots. This has led to social and economic inequality, with the wealthy landowners having more power and control over resources than the rest of the population.

Freehold Land:
Freehold land is a type of land tenure system where the owner has absolute ownership rights over the land, including the minerals and subsoil. It is prevalent in urban areas and some rural areas, where the land was not subject to customary tenure before the colonial period. Freehold landowners can use, sell, or lease their land without any restrictions.

The main challenge with freehold land is that it can be expensive to acquire, which limits access to land ownership for many people. Additionally, freehold land can be subject to speculative pricing, which can make it difficult for low-income individuals or families to acquire land.

Leasehold:
Leasehold is a land tenure system where the owner of the land grants another person or entity the right to use the land for a specific period, usually between 49 and 99 years. The leaseholder has the right to use, develop, or sell the land during the lease period, subject to the terms of the lease agreement.

The main challenge with leasehold land is that it creates a temporary ownership structure, which can make it difficult for individuals or businesses to invest in long-term development projects. Additionally, the leasehold system can be subject to exploitation, where landowners demand exorbitant rent or impose unreasonable conditions on leaseholders.

Customary Land:
Customary land is a land tenure system where land is owned by communities or families, rather than individuals. Customary land is prevalent in rural areas, where it is the primary source of livelihood for many people. Under customary land tenure, individuals have the right to use the land, but they cannot sell or lease it without the consent of the community or family that owns the land.

The main challenge with customary land is that it can be difficult to prove ownership, which can make it vulnerable to land grabbing or other forms of exploitation. Additionally, customary land is often subject to conflicting claims, which can lead to disputes and conflicts within communities.

Public Land:
Public land is a type of land tenure system where the government owns the land and manages it on behalf of the public. Public land includes national parks, forest reserves, game reserves, and other protected areas. The government also owns land that is used for public infrastructure, such as roads, hospitals, schools, and government buildings.

The main challenge with public land is that it can be subject to encroachment, where individuals or businesses illegally occupy and use the land. Additionally, the management of public land can be subject to corruption, which can undermine the government's ability to protect and manage public resources effectively.